Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 1 and 2 Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are enzymes that catalyze the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA1. In mammals, ACC1 and ACC2 are two members of ACCs. ACC1 localizes in the cytosol and acts as the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo fatty acid synthesis pathway2. ACC2 localizes on the outer membrane of mitochondria and produces malonyl-CoA to regulate the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) that involves in the β-oxidation of fatty acid. Fatty acid synthesis is central in a myriad of physiological and pathological conditions3.

The Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family comprises a group of structurally related signaling proteins that play crucial roles in embryonic development, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, tissue repair, and metabolic regulation. In humans, the FGF family includes 18 canonical members (FGF1–FGF10 and FGF16–FGF23), which are classified into six subfamilies based on sequence homology and functional characteristics.

The Interleukin (IL) family consists of small, soluble proteins secreted by a variety of cells, including immune cells like macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, as well as endothelial and fibroblastic cells. These cytokines play essential roles in immune regulation, inflammatory responses, hematopoiesis, and tissue repair.

The evolution of esophageal cancer is a complex, multi-stage and multi-factorial process, involving the gradual transformation from normal cells to cancer cells. The following is a summary of the evolution of esophageal cancer based on the latest research and clinical observations:

The 14-3-3 family of proteins are highly conserved acidic eukaryotic proteins (25–32 kDa) abundantly present in the body. There are seven different 14-3-3 isoforms in mammals, namely the α/β, σ, θ, γ, ε, η and ζ/δ, each of them binding to several hundreds of different proteins through phosphorylation. It was found to modulate a wide array of cellular processes, such as cell signalling, transcription, cell differentiation, cell apoptosis, protein trafficking, innate immunity, and glucose metabolism, to name a few . Its dysregulation has been linked to the onset of critical illnesses such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and viral infections.

Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system, encompassing its structure, function, development, evolution, genetics, and pathology. The nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, is the central system responsible for sensation, motor control, cognition, emotion, and behavior in living organisms. Neuroscience aims to uncover how the nervous system processes information, regulates behavior, and maintains normal organismal function.

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs in the epithelial tissue of the breast. The breast is composed of acini, ducts, and connective tissue, and breast cancer mainly originates from the epithelial cells of the breast ducts. Based on cell type and histological characteristics, breast cancer can be divided into several subtypes, with the most common type being invasive ductal carcinoma.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that primarily causes fever, joint pain, and rash. As global warming expands the range of mosquito vectors, CHIKV continues to spread, posing an increasingly serious threat to public health. To combat CHIKV infection, we have launched highly sensitive and specific antigen- and antibody-based reagents for chikungunya virus, providing comprehensive support for CHIKV vaccine development, antiviral drug discovery, and diagnostic assay development.